Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty deposits—known as plaque—build up inside the walls of arteries. These plaques are made up of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, this buildup causes the arteries to narrow and stiffen, reducing blood flow to vital organs and tissues. Because the process develops gradually over many years, it often goes unnoticed until it begins to cause significant health problems.

As atherosclerosis progresses, it can lead to serious complications depending on which arteries are affected. In the heart, it may result in chest pain or heart attacks; in the brain, it can contribute to strokes; and in the limbs, it may cause poor circulation and pain. Common risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Managing these risk factors is key to slowing progression and reducing the likelihood of complications.