Back pain is a common condition involving discomfort or stiffness in the muscles, ligaments, nerves, or bones of the spine, most often affecting the lower back. It can result from muscle strain, poor posture, heavy lifting, herniated discs, arthritis, spinal degeneration, or injury, and may range from a dull, persistent ache to sharp, radiating pain that extends into the legs. Contributing factors include sedentary lifestyle, obesity, weak core muscles, stress, and repetitive movements. While most cases improve with rest, gentle movement, stretching, and anti-inflammatory measures, chronic or severe back pain may require physical therapy, medication, or further medical evaluation. Maintaining proper posture, regular exercise, and ergonomic support can help prevent recurrence and support long-term spinal health.