Cervical cancer is a malignant disease that develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most commonly caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which can lead to abnormal cellular changes over time. In its early stages, cervical cancer may produce no noticeable symptoms, but as it progresses, it can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, or unusual discharge. Risk factors include HPV infection, smoking, weakened immunity, and lack of regular screening. Routine Pap tests and HPV testing are highly effective in detecting precancerous changes early, and vaccination against HPV significantly reduces risk. Treatment depends on the stage and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.