Gum problems refer to conditions affecting the soft tissues that support and surround the teeth, most commonly gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is the early stage and involves inflammation of the gums, leading to redness, swelling, and bleeding during brushing or flossing. If untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more serious condition in which infection damages the supporting bone and connective tissue, potentially resulting in loose teeth or tooth loss. Contributing factors include plaque buildup, poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, hormonal changes, and certain medications. Symptoms may also include persistent bad breath, gum recession, and tenderness. Regular dental care and good oral hygiene are important for maintaining healthy gums and preventing progression.