A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weakened area in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue, creating a visible bulge or lump. It most commonly develops in the abdominal wall, particularly in the groin (inguinal hernia), belly button (umbilical hernia), or upper abdomen (hiatal hernia). Symptoms may include a noticeable swelling that becomes more prominent when coughing or straining, discomfort or pain at the site, and a feeling of pressure or heaviness. Some hernias may cause minimal symptoms, while others can lead to complications if the protruding tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) or loses its blood supply (strangulated), which is a medical emergency. Risk factors include heavy lifting, chronic coughing, obesity, pregnancy, and prior abdominal surgery.